Traditionally, each individual task (Ex – mailing, Web hosting, database etc) of an enterprise, used to run on individual dedicated servers. It used to be like – 1 server, 1 operating system, 1 task – even if these components were not using the full capacity of the given server/machine on which they were running.
With virtualization technologies hitting the ground, it was possible to use software to create an abstraction layer over computer hardware that allowed the hardware elements of a single computer like processors, memory, storage and more, to be divided into multiple virtual computers, which could then be used to host different enterprise tasks as discussed above. This resulted in better and efficient utilization of the computer resources.
Before starting to discuss about how virtualization is done, let’s understand that Operating systems have 2 basic layers-
- Kernel layer: Responsible to communicate with the computer hardware – CPU, memory etc.
- Applications layer: Run on top of kernel and provide wrappers like – File system, GUI etc.
Docker and Virtual Machines are 2 of the virtualization techniques and they virtualize different layers of OS as depicted below:
Virtual Machines:
- They virtualize on kernel level i.e. they have their own OS – both Kernel and application.
- This makes they bulky and difficult to move around. They have high boot up time as well.
- But it allows to run different OS (windows, Linux etc) on the same machine.
- Virtualization here is made possible by using hypervisors – an interface between the VM and the underlying physical hardware, ensuring that each has access to the physical resources it needs to execute. It also ensures that the VMs don’t interfere with each other by impinging on each other’s memory space or compute cycles.
Docker:
- It virtualizes the application layer of the OS.
- Docker sits on the host machine’s OS kernel and can host different docker machines, known as containers, which have application layer of their own but can communicate with the host OS kernel. (Linux OS, as instance, comes in different distributions – Ubuntu, Kubuntu, Alpine, Fedora etc. They have application layer of their own but are capable to communicate with the same Linux kernel.)
- Since docker containers do not carry full fledged OS with they, they are lightweight and boot up very fast.
High level differences between VM and Docker
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